Overview of antimicrobial resistance and mechanisms: The relative status of the past and current

Antibiotic resistance is a significant threat to global health and food security, resulting in longer hospital stays, more expensive treatments, and higher mortality rates. It can be categorized into natural, acquired, cross-resistance, multidrug, and pan-drug resistance. Bacterial intrinsic resistance involves continuous improvement of resistance mechanisms through cell wall structure and other cellular features. Urgent global action is needed to combat antimicrobial resistance (AMR), including continuous national surveillance of gene level dissemination. This review provides an up-to-date understanding of AMR mechanisms against various antibiotics, their evolution, clinical consequences, and public health impact. It also provides a global understanding of resistant gene prevalence and offers recommendations to prevent further spread.